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Justice Department prosecutors brought 37 felony counts against Trump in the indictment, relying upon photographs from Mar-a-Lago, surveillance video, text messages between staffers, Trump's own words, those of his lawyers, and other evidence.
LIVE UPDATES: Trump's federal court appearance
"It comes across as obviously a very strong case, if it can be proven," said Mark Zaid, a Washington, D.C.-based lawyer who works on national security issues. "I'm surprised as to how personally involved it alleges Trump was with respect to the documents," he added.
Read the full indictment here:
An aide to Trump, Walt Nauta, was charged as a co-conspirator with six felony counts.
Trump says he is innocent and has decried the criminal case -- the second indictment against him in a matter of months -- as an attempt by his political opponents to hinder his 2024 campaign. He is expected to make his first court appearance on Tuesday in Miami.
Here are key takeaways from the indictment unsealed Friday:
What are the charges?
Trump faces 31 counts of willful retention of national defense information under the Espionage Act. Other charges include: conspiracy to obstruct justice; corruptly concealing a document or record; concealing a document in a federal investigation; and making false statements.
Each of the willful retention counts pertains to a specific classified document found at Mar-A-Lago marked "SECRET" or "TOP SECRET." Topics addressed in the documents include details about U.S. nuclear weapons, the nuclear capabilities of a foreign country and the military activities or capabilities of other countries.
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The conspiracy charges deal with Trump's alleged attempts to hide documents from his lawyer or federal investigators. The false statement charges stem from Trump causing his lawyer to tell the FBI that no more classified documents were at Mar-a-Lago -- but then the FBI later found more than 100 documents during an August 2022 search.
TIMELINE: Events leading to Donald Trump's indictment in classified documents case
The most serious charges carry potential prison sentences of up to 20 years each. But judges have discretion and, if convicted, first-time offenders rarely get anywhere near the maximum sentence. Being a former president would also likely be a major consideration in any sentencing.
What is the alleged conspiracy to obstruct justice?
The indictment accuses Trump and Nauta of conspiring to hide the secret documents from the grand jury, which in May 2022 issued a subpoena for him to turn them over.
The conspiracy allegation included a suggestion from Trump that his lawyer falsely tell investigators that the former president didn't have any more classified documents at Mar-a-Lago. It also involved moving boxes to hide the secret documents from Trump's lawyer, and suggesting that Trump's lawyer hide or destroy documents that investigators were seeking.
The indictment says that, at Trump's direction, Nauta moved about 64 boxes of documents from a Mar-a-Lago storage room to the former president's residence in May 2022. He then returned "approximately 30 boxes" to the storage room on June 2 -- the same day Trump's legal team came to examine the boxes and search for classified documents to return to the government, the indictment says.
Nauta had a brief phone call with Trump before returning those boxes, the indictment says. Neither Trump nor Nauta told the former president's lawyers that Nauta had moved any of the storage room contents, the indictment says.
Special counsel speaks out on Trump indictment
Is Trump accused of sharing classified information?
The indictment alleges Trump showed classified documents to people who didn't have security clearances on two occasions.
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The court papers detail a meeting Trump had in July 2021 with a writer and publisher about an upcoming book. Trump told the pair "look what I found" and showed them what he described as a senior military official's "plan of attack," according to an audio recording of that conversation obtained by investigators.
Trump acknowledged during that meeting that the document was "highly confidential" and "secret information," the indictment says. He also says that he could have declassified the document if he was still president.
"Now I can't, you know, but this is still a secret," he said, according to the indictment.
WATCH: Former federal prosecutor discusses the Trump documents case
Former federal prosecutor on case against Trump
A few months later, Trump showed a representative of his political action committee a classified map of a foreign country while discussing a military operation in the country that was not going well, the indictment says. Trump acknowledged that he shouldn't be showing the map to the person and told him not to get too close, prosecutors allege.
What evidence do prosecutors have?
In addition to the audio recording, prosecutors also relied upon text messages between Trump employees, photos of boxes of documents stored in various rooms throughout Mar-a-Lago and details about conversations between Trump and his lawyers that were memorialized by one of them.
In one conversation with his lawyers, Trump said: "I don't want anybody looking through my boxes." Trump also asked one of his lawyers if it would be better "if we just told them we don't have anything here," the indictment says.
Photographs in the indictment show boxes stacked on a stage in a ballroom as well as in a bathroom. Another shows boxes that spilled over in a storage room, including a document marked "SECRET/REL TO USA, FVEY," which means information releasable only to members of the "Five Eyes" intelligence alliance of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.
SEE ALSO: Here are the other investigations former President Trump has to worry about
Trump still faces 34 charges im hush money case in New York
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Associated Press reporters Michael R. Sisak in New York, Bill Barrow in Atlanta and Gary Fields in Washington contributed.