The 83-year-old was sentenced to seven-and-a-half years behind bars for bribery conspiracy and other corruption counts.
He is scheduled to report to prison on Oct. 13.
In a filing, Madigan's lawyers argued that the jury was mis-instructed on key legal standards.
But on Friday, Madigan was ordered to report to prison while his appeals play out.
A federal judge previously denied another request by Madigan to stay out of prison.
The ex-speaker recently hired a team of attorneys who have years of experience arguing at the U.S. Supreme Court.
Capitol News Illinois contributed to this report.