The crew of Delta Flight 1076 radioed the control tower after hearing what they described as a "loud bang" when they were approaching the runway, about 200-250 feet above the ground.
The controller had advised the crew to be cautious as there were "multiple homes near the approach shooting off fireworks."
The plane, an Airbus A319, landed safely, and Delta says there was no emergency landing.
According to ATC audio, the jet taxied to the gate, and the controller told the pilot there had been multiple reports of fireworks being set off in close proximity to the runway and that authorities had been notified.
No one was hurt, but the aircraft was taken out of service for a full inspection.
"Delta flight 1076 from Atlanta (ATL) to Chicago (MDW) reportedly made contact with a firework while on descent. The flight safely landed and taxied to the gate," Delta said in a statement.
ABC News contributed to this report.