The Buffalo Grove Fire Department said first responders were sent to the 100-block of Copperwood Drive for a report of an unresponsive child in a private residential pool around 6:30 p.m. on the Fourth of July.
When first responders arrived on the scene, a 5-year-old boy had been pulled from the water, and bystanders were performing CPR.
Paramedics starting working on the boy, who was a Plainfield resident.
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The boy was taken in serious condition to Northwest Community Hospital in Arlington Heights, where he was pronounced dead.
The Buffalo Grove Fire Department is calling the death a "drowning incident," and the Buffalo Grove Police Department is investigating.
Authorities did not immediately provide further information.